關於 c word size ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

SNEAKER GAME NGÀY NAY – NHIỀU CHUYỆN ĐỂ NÓI

Dựa vào một câu nói của anh Trương Ngọc Anh (như trong hình) trong thời gian gần đây thì có vẻ, à mà không có vẻ nữa, mà nó là thực trạng. “Sneakergame” giờ là “Flexgame”? Liệu điều này có đúng không?

Để trả lời câu hỏi này, chúng ta hãy cùng bước lên “Cỗ máy thời gian” của Doraemon – thực hiện cú nhảy để trở về Việt Nam những năm 2012-2015. Sneakergame lúc đó gặp rất nhiều khó khăn hơn so với bây giờ. Không có Facebook, Internet chưa phổ biến qua smartphone (Muốn đọc cái gì mới là phải chạy ra net nè) – cũng chẳng có Instagram. Việc tiếp nhận những thứ mới – những văn hóa du nhập đều từ những forum hoặc các cuộc meet-up/ gặp mặt trực tiếp. Từ đó, những người chơi giày bắt đầu từ đó. (1)

Cái thời mà hạn hẹp về kiến thức, thị trường thì không có nhiều nguồn cung giày như ngày nay. Không nhiều sellers cũng không nhiều các cửa hàng phân phối chính hãng tại Việt Nam, có thì toàn là xách tay về hoặc những người đi du học thi thoảng mua dùm. Hiếm lắm, quý lắm. Nhưng điều đó sẽ thúc đẩy về sự thèm khát, sự quan tâm tới các đôi giày. (2)

Từ (1) và (2) thì tình yêu với các đôi giày rõ ràng là đậm sâu rất nhiều (Nếu so sánh với bây giờ). Tình yêu được truyền qua từ những lời nói chuyện trực tiếp sẽ tạo được cảm hứng, động lực và mức độ tin tưởng cao hơn rất nhiều so với các bài viết trên mạng, những mẩu tin tức hay các bài phân tích như mình hay làm (Đó là điểm mạnh của Word of Mouth). Cho nên so với các anh/chị/bạn bè nào trưởng thành từ những nền văn hóa “Truyền miệng” đó, mọi thứ thật gần gũi – đầy chất xúc tác và cộng đồng lúc đó thật vui.

THẾ CÒN BÂY GIỜ THÌ SAO?

Để giải thích cho việc “Sneakerhead bây giờ chỉ thi nhau mua xem giày ai đắt hơn để Flex” thì đây không phải là một thứ “Đùng 1 cái diễn ra ngay” mà nó là “hệ quả dây chuyền” của những điều xảy ra từ trước và theo đúng dòng chảy của đại chúng.

(1) Bây giờ mọi thứ quá dễ tiếp cận. Hình ảnh đôi giày mới, của hãng nào đều có đủ trên Internet và dễ tiếp cận qua các nền tảng Facebook/Instagram. Một thời đại nhanh – mì ăn liền, ngay cả giới hạn chữ giải thích trong Insta (phần Description/caption/status) hay nội dung bó hẹp của Tiktok hoặc để tiếp cận nhiều hơn thì FB cũng suggest là hình ảnh + 1 đoạn văn ngắn miêu tả. Mà dĩ nhiên không thể nào truyền tải hết mọi thứ (Câu chuyện về đôi giày, blah bloh – trước đó có những collection nào tiền nhiệm trước rồi). Mọi thứ chỉ ngắn gọn Màu gì, Của ai làm, Size của Nam hay cho Nữ và đặc biệt là ngày phát hành và GIÁ TIỀN.

Đúng – mức thu thập thông tin đa phần của những người chơi giày trẻ sẽ nằm ở phần “Do ai làm” “Do ai đi” và “Giá tiền là bao nhiêu”. Cộng thêm những title “Đôi giày có giá resell cao ngất ngưởng?” “Đôi giày được bán giá cao nhất trong lịch sử” để thu hút người xem đã “Đánh tráo khái niệm” về 1 “Real Sneakerhead”. Giới trẻ chỉ đập vào mắt “Đôi giày” và “Giá tiền” mà bỏ qua mất (và cũng không có nhu cầu tìm hiểu lắm) “Background History” của đôi sneaker. (Điều này là mặt bằng chung chứ không phải chỉ mỗi cộng đồng sneaker).

(2) Do dễ dàng quá tiếp cận nên nhu cầu về những buổi meetup, những cuộc trò chuyện gây cảm hứng đã không còn “mặn nồng” như trước. Vì có meet-up chắc cũng đa phần là những người thuộc thế hệ trước, thế hệ trẻ tham gia là đề Flexing đôi giày mà thôi. Cái cảm hứng rất quan trọng trong việc định hướng cộng đồng sẽ phát triển như thế nào? Song song, có quá nhiều kênh phân phối giày – từ chính thống đến các resellers. Và các resellers rất biết cách “làm giá” đôi giày để tăng độ thu hút và giá trị của đôi giày nhằm thu hút người mua nó. Có bao giờ các bạn thấy một resellers nào bán giày mà đi kể câu chuyện văn hóa của đôi giày đó không, độ hiếm của nó và vì sao nó hiếm. Khá hiếm thấy, chỉ cô đọng là “Giày hot/ Giày Hype – được Celeb A/B/C đi, giá hiện tại là xxx.xxx.xxx đồng. Không mua thì hết”. Xong! Và giá trị tiền của đôi giày được cộng đồng thu nhận như 1 thứ để “Cạnh tranh” với những người chơi giày khác.

(3) Không còn chỉ ở Việt Nam mà trên quy mô toàn thế giới và mong các anh chị phải công nhận điều này. Sneaker isn’t the most important part tho! Đôi giày không còn là phần quan trọng nhất. Từ năm 2017 đến nay, sneaker chỉ đóng 1 vai trò là phần song hành cùng cái quần, chiếc áo để tạo nên bức tranh “Outfit” “Fashion”. Sneaker giờ đây cũng rất đa dạng, không chỉ đơn thuần là các footwear mà đã chuyển sang Highend sneaker – sang boots – sang dép vv.vv. Với 1 số người, đôi giày vẫn quan trọng. Nhưng một điều hơi buồn so với các bạn – đôi giày giờ đây được Gen Z sử dụng đa phần như 1 công cụ flex, tăng giá trị tổng bộ outfit đang mặc trên người. Và đó là do…

(4) HỆ QUẢ CỦA NHỮNG TẤM HÌNH BREAK DOWN OUTFIT.
Một dạng khi có sự kiện nào hot, một MVs mới nổi hay một ai đó “bỗng dưng” nổi tiếng. Rộ lên các cá nhân, các kênh truyền thông “Ra giá” các outfit và lúc nào cũng thu hút một lượng lớn quan tâm. Nội dung mang tới cho người đọc/xem ư – chẳng có gì ngoài “Thương hiệu và GIÁ TIỀN NHIỀU CON SỐ O”. Hết, ngắn gọn. Youtube, một nền tảng cũng thu hút rất nhiều các bạn trẻ quan tâm thì xem các Youtuber làm gì nhé. (Mình đang nói Youtuber Việt Nam thôi). Sneaker Hauls, Unboxing đôi giày chục triệu – trăm triệu – giá bao nhiêu tiền xuất hiện như tiếng ếch sau mưa.Vì thế mới thu hút nhiều người xem.

Nó thấm nhuần vào tư tưởng giới trẻ là phải đi giày nhiều tiền, mặc đồ nhiều tiền mới là “Dân chơi”, mới là “Nổi tiếng”, phải theo “Xu hướng”. Nên cái hệ quả như anh Ngọc Anh nói là “THI NHAU MUA XEM GIÀY AI ĐẮT HƠN ĐỂ FLEX” cũng 1 phần đến từ việc này.

Vì đi theo xu hướng, theo những gì mà những người ảnh hưởng đi nên có mấy ai quan tâm những câu chuyện cũ, những giá trị cũ. Đây là 1 điều rất bình thường nhé, người ta thích thì người ta mua. Cái độ rare/hiếm chỉ nằm ở những người chơi lâu năm hoặc có một nền tảng cố định rồi – còn bây giờ, muốn có fame thì phải theo trend. Chẳng ai quan tâm một người đi đôi Nike Sb Dunk Low “Paris” mặc dù có giá khoảng $100.000 cho size 8-9-10 (Golden size) nhưng nếu người đó Dior x Jordan giá khoảng $7.000 thì ngay lập tức phản ứng của giới trẻ sẽ hoàn toàn khác (Wow, Cool, chất)

Cũng chẳng trách được, ngay cả những ngôi sao mà các bạn trẻ đang theo dõi cũng chẳng khá khẩm gì. Mình hãy coi mấy show Phỏng vấn Rappers/Artists và Tủ giày của họ ở kênh Complex và các Seller Youtuber khác. Những người như Tyga, Chris Brown, Eminem khi được phỏng vấn thì kể rất rõ ràng và đầy cảm hứng về đôi giày mà họ mua, họ có được. Còn hiện tại thì sao, mình từng coi Lil Pump vào 1 tiệm giày và thứ mà khứa nói là “Ở đây có đôi Yeezy nào không? Tao đang nghe nói nó hot” =))))))))))). Lil Pump là idol của mấy bạn trẻ Việt Nam một thời còn như thế thì trách sao được bây giờ.

LIỆU TẤT CẢ CÓ KẾT THÚC?

Không, chẳng có gì là kết thúc cả. Vẫn ở đâu đó, có những người trẻ yêu giày và cặm cụi truyền lửa đam mê đó cho những thế hệ đương đại và tiếp theo. Tuy họ không được quan tâm nhiều nhưng khi đã là đam mê thì mọi thứ ngoại lai sẽ không còn quan trọng. Sneaker Community lại đang thực hiện vòng tròn của mình. Nó phình to quá rồi teo đi, teo còn những nhân tố quan trọng để thành 1 cộng đồng nhỏ, 1 nhóm những người truyền cảm hứng và có lẽ ở thời gian sắp tới – Nó lại “Phình” thêm một lần nữa.

Thông qua bài này, mình xin được cảm ơn Bill Bùi (Admin/Blogger của The Dunkery). Bill là một người có niềm đam mê mãnh liệt với Dunk nói riêng và Sneaker nói chung. Cho đến nay mặc dù người ta không quá mặn mà với các content về giày nói chung, huống chi là các đôi giày đặc biệt – những đôi giày mang dấu ấn lịch sử hay các văn hóa đi kèm. Thì Bill vẫn kiên trì tìm hiểu và ra các bài viết về các đôi Nike SB Dunk đặc biệt mà bạn ấy yêu thích. Đó là minh chứng cho việc tình yêu không bao giờ mất giữa các thế hệ với nhau, chỉ cần ngọn lửa còn thì nó sẽ âm ỉ cháy – cháy tới một lúc sẽ bùng to lại.

Và chỉ cần “Xăng” “Không khí nồng độ 0xi đậm đặc mà thôi”. Nhưng thứ đó đến từ đâu? Chắc có lẽ cơ hội này sẽ đến những tiền bối, những người đàn anh đi trước và các tập đoàn đầu tư cho những người thực sự đam mê.

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[The Evolution of Religions in India]

In the early days, India had a great civilization. From 3000-2000 BC, Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the great civilizations there. The actual occupants of India who lived there were the Dravidia race. The Dravidia were the indigenous people who have lived in Harrapa which was located in Punjab and North Karachi around 3000-2000 BC [1].

Dravidia was known to believe in politheist that is believing in multiple Gods. This can be segregated into many for instance, God in fertility and God in prosperity [2]. According to Ernest Mackay in his book titled Early Indus Civilizations, most of the Indus worshipped animals such as crocodiles and elephants and trees like peepal [3]. Moreover, rituals such as slaughtering animals were held to be presented in front oftheir Gods. Apart from that, they found a man-made pool where a ritual called “Great Bath” was performed. The “Great Bath” was the holy bath ritual and this was found in Mohenjodaro. The purpose of this worship and ritual was to show their gratitude towards the Gods to receive blessing and prosperity upon them [4].

There is a famous theory interpreted as the change of the India social life structure in those days. This theory relates to Arya entering India. Around 1800-1000 BC, the Arya which was originated from Iran entered India. The word Arya means noble and they were noble race. Their facial features were fair skin with pointed nose and were famous for their art of war. The Dravidia were not good in war and therefore they were defeated by the Arya. Hence, the Dravidia people migrated to the South part of India [5]. The evidence of this war was proven by the archaeologist who performed the excavation in Harappa. They found lots of dead human skeleton which proves that the war happened between Arya and Dravidia and Arya defeated Dravidia. Apart from that, the Harappa city was demolished [6].

Introduction of Monotheism By Arya to India
In India, the structure of the religion was influenced by the Arya until Brahma was introduced or also known as Hindu today. Way before Arya entered India, they had their own belief and it was called Arya Dharma [7]. Dharma means ‘Way of Life’ and therefore Arya Dharma means ‘Arya Way of Life’[8]. The concept of Arya Dharma is that they believe in one God and this is referring to the monotheism [9]. Most of the westerner researchers claimed that Arya Dharma was influenced by the Zoroaster religion which was originated from Iran. This is because there are similarities in the Book of Veda and the Holy Book of Zoroaster that is the Gathas according to Mary Boyce in her research from the Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices.

Another source claims that Arya Dharma was influenced by the Abraham or Ibrahim from Mesopotamia. Prof Uthaya Naidu mentioned in his book titled “Bible of Aryan Invasions: Aryan Invasions & Genocide of Negroes, Semites & Mongols The Bible of Aryan Invasions” that in between 1500 BC and 800 BC there were 4 attacks following by the Aryan entering India. The 4 attacks were called:
1. Arya Rigvedic (1500 BC)
2. Aryan II (1400 BC)
3. Ras Arya Krishnaite (1200 BC)
4. Ras Arya Mahabharata (900-800 BC)

The first invasion which is known as Arya Rigvedic was the major attack caused by Arya to India and fought with Dravidia which was the first people to attack the civilization in Indus river. It resulted in Dravidia was defeated and were expelled to South India. In the following century which was known as the second entry of Arya to India it was known as Indo-Arya civilization. The Arya conquered two main parts in India: Punjab and Doab [10]. After the entrance of Aryan II to India, the Book of Veda was written in Sanskrit as the main language. This is because the Aryan II spread their belief and religion to India. The belief and religion that was brought to India by Arya was influenced by monotheism.
They worshipped a God named Brahman. Apart from that, they also believed in multiple Gods that represents world such as Pretivi as the God of Earth, Surya as the God of Sun, Vayu as the God of Wind, Varuna as the God of Ocean and Agni as the God of Fire [11]. Although the names of the Gods had only existed after the writing of Book of Veda, the spiritual belief towards the Gods were there way before that [12].

Vedic Era
When Aryan started to migrate to India, the mixture of the culture and religion occurred and therefore this was how the Book of Veda was written around 1400 to 1000 BC. It was known as the Vedic Era [13]. The Book of Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Athraya Veda were written based on the mixture of Arya theology and Dravidia. Moreover, they had also written another Holy book which was called Upanishads. The content of Books of Veda and Upanishads were combined and called as the Holy Book of Sruti was revealed [14].

Veda was originally called as Brahma religion and the language of this religion was called the Sanskrit. The believers mastered this language [15]. Originally, the Sanskrit was mastered by the Aryan only. But after mastering the language, the people were slowly not interested to master the language anymore. Hence, the mixture of the Sanskrit language with the language used by Dravidia, came in the new languages such as the Kannada, Telugu and Malayali. These new languages were originated from the ancient language of Proto Dravida which was mixed from the halt of the usage of the Sanskrit by the Brahmin [16].

This is because the Brahmin or the priests of the Brahmin were originally from the Arya clan and therefore, they were responsible to teach the Indians in Sanskrit language [17].

The Birth of Non-Caste Religion in India
In the 7th Century BC, the Brahmin had introduced the caste system that is the hierarchical system [18]. This hierarchical system consisting of religionist, rulers (government), companies and those people who followed the religion. In 600 BC, a ruler for the Jainism religion came into picture and was known as Vardhmana or Mahavira. This religion did not practice the caste system like the Brahma did. The language used in Jainism was Prakrit but this religion was only practiced inside India. No sign of development of this religion outside India.

After a few years later, around 563 BC, the Siddharta Gautama Buddha was born. He introduced his religion which was called Buddha without the caste system. He used Pali as the langugage to convey the religion. He had so many students under him and this made the Buddhism to be spread world wide. When these two religions (Jainism and Buddhism) were developing, the Vedic or the Brahma was slowly degenerating.

The Introduction to the writing of Holy Book of Smriti
As the time, culture and geography changed, the Sanskrit language had diminished. But the effort was still there to make sure that the Sanskrit language preserved. Wendy Doniger mentioned in her book titled The Hindus: An Alternative History that a new wave existed which had historical and saga elements and these books are Mahabhrata and Ramayana. The writing of these scriptures started in 300 BC-200 C and some historians claimed that the writing of the two books started in 400 BC [19].

This time around was known as the Wiracarita where a big epic war occurred between Arjuna, Krishna (Mahabhrata) and Sri Rama (Ramayana). In Mahabhrata, it consists of stories that relates to the existence of multiple Gods that led to the development of the Book of Purana [20]. The writing and the development of this Book was meant to maintain the usage of Sanskrit language among the Aryan people in India.
During 300 BC till 500 C was the time of new development in Brahma. It was known as Puranic time where the writing of the other scriptures began besides the Book of Sruti (Veda and Upanishads) in order to be used in Brahma [21]. The writing of the other Holy Book besides Sruti was known as the writing of Smriti. Among the Holy Books that were written during this time comprising Books of Sutra Dharma, Shastras, Mahabhrata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Pura and others.

During Puranic time, the construction of the statue of Greece or Hellenism had started to enter India and influenced the Brahma. Apart from that, Dravidia was the main religion that introduced polytheism and it also reflect in the writings of the holy books and Purana story-line. In the early history, the Brahma was not known as worshipperof multiple Gods (polytheism). They only believed in one God. Around 1500 BC to 300 BC (Vedic), no signs of holy statues found and worshipped by the people during that time.

Why the era of Vedic do not have statue?
In the era of vedic (1500 SM- 500 SM), there were no idol or image of God worshipped by the people during that time. It is due to the law which forbid to create idols in the image of God as stated in the book of Veda and Upanishads (Sruti). Furthermore, the book Veda and Upanishads should be their reference. Following verse shows the prohibition of worshipping idols:
1) “na tasya pratima asti
“God do not have any image.” (Yajurveda 32:3)

2) “shudhama poapvidham”
“God do not have established body and it is pure.” (Yajurveda 40:8)

3) “Andhatama pravishanti ye asambhuti mupaste”
“Those worshipper of nature (air, water, fire or soil) will enter darkness and even goes in deeper for those who worship idols.(Yajurveda 40:9)

Even during this era, the characteristics of monotheism of God was emphasized in the Rig Veda and Upanishads.
1) “Ekam sadvipra bahudhaavadanti
“God is one and intelligent people praise God with various name” ( Rigveda book 1: hymn 164 verse 46)

2) “Ekam eva advityam Brahman”[22]
“God is one, there is no two” (Chandogya Upanishad chapter 6 hymn 2 verse 1)
Moreover, there are many verses similar to it but the religion started to grow with the additional Holy Book in year of 300 SM. It is known as the wave writing of the Smriti Book which gave an impact towards Brahma religion till the story of God’s and King’s that rapidly persuaded by own verse interpretations. It can be seen in the book of Mahabhrata and the book of Purana. The book of Purana contained many parts which well known as Mahapurana which divided into 18 books such as;
a) Brahmapurana, b) Padmapurana, c) Visnupurana, d) Bhagavatapurana, e) Naradapurana, f) Markandeypurana, g) Agnipurana, h) Bhavisyapurana, i) Brahmavaiavartapurana, j) Lingapurana, k) Varahapurana, l) Skandapurana, m) Kurmapurana, n) Matsyapurana, o) Garudapurana, dan p) Brahmandapurana.
This book was gathered within a long duration and known as the written period of Puranic. [23] There were mixed and additional information with regards to the question of God in Brahma religion happened in this era. It started from this era which the doctrine of pantheism and polytheism started to expand and grow within the Brahma adherent. The doctrine which believed that everything are able to provide benefits which constituted the elements of God (pantheism), worshipping idols and make God more than one which align with the incarnation of God. It undergo through creature body with various types (avatar) and henotheism.

New command of inventing Idols
The book Purana encourage the Hindu adherent to invent idols. There are text in the book Matsya Purana which explained about it and located under the topic of Arsetektur (base on the reference of I Wayan Maswinara.

“There are idols that must be placed inside the temple. The idol of God Visnu need to be designed with four hands and eight hands. If the design consist of 8 hands, the hand, we must hold the Sankha (Skin of a shell), gada, arrow and lotus. Left hand need to hold the arc, Padma, and a cakra. If they invent only four hands, gada and Padma consist in my right hand while cakra and sankha will be on left hand. Visnu will be pictured by standing on the early. Garuda the king of bird will move around it. Then, Garuda will be at the right leg of Visnu. Idols of Laksmi Goddess will be on the left side of Visnu idols and Laksmi idols need to hold the Lotus flower. The good idols will be created by gold, silver, copper, jewelry, stone, wood and a mix of metal. The size of Gods and Goddess has to be true.”[25]

Same goes to other Gods. Purana has outlined the picture and image of their God until the idols needs to be created. For example, the face and structure of Siva has been outlined in the Purana:
”Idol of Lord Siva need to be created using a loose long hair and need to put a moon on the forehead. The idols need to describe Siva at the age of 16 years old. Siva need to wear clothes which created by animal fur and has snake necklace on his neck. The ear will be attach with peacock fur. If the stick need to be attached, it has to be on the left side. Furthermore, Siva ride on a cow which the idols have two hands and if the idols of Siva is made in situation of dancing, the idols need to consist of 10 hands. Moreover, if the idols is meant to show Lord Siva destroying the Tripura, the idols need to have 16 hands.”[26]
The book of Purana explained the story about the requirement of designing the Idols. It shows the development which do not belongs to the actual teaching of Veda. Even Siva did not mention in the earliest book such as Veda and Upanishads. [27] In the Era in which is the rising of second Hindu religion which there were many additional doctrine of the Veda teaching.
In the era of Puranic, the religion of Hindu was influenced by polytheism. Besides, the development and expanding of worshipping the idols at temples happened. After that, the religion of Brahma started to extinct. During the rulings time of Asoka in India, under the empire of Maurya. King Asoka declared the Buddhism as their official religion. In year 269-232 SM. King Asoka emphasized on the language usage of Pali in order to spread the religion of Buddha. [28]

At the ruling time of Asoka, the development and preaching of Hinduism in India was stunted due to expanding of Buddhism religion rapidly towards the east. After a while, Brahma religion gain new opportunity when the empire of Gupta took over the ruling dominantly in India.

During this era, the usage of Sanskrit language was revived and indicates Hinduism religion as an official religion. Moreover, during the rising of Gupta empire (320 M- 500 M) shows the development of Hinduism traditions which is to create few flow that focuses towards the Lords inside the community. For example, Vaishnavisme ( focused on Vishnu), Shaivisme ( focused on Siva ) and Shaktisme ( focused on head of Goddess). That’s the reason why the Hindu temple was influenced by God from Siva, Vishnu and Devi family. There was no temples focus on Brahma result to different types of Brahma which rarely spoken by the Hindu followers.[29]

Based on Wendy Doniger books entitle The Hindus, the written of Smriti book was successfully completed and gathered during the Gupta empire and was made as reference for Hindu followers. The books of Purana was made as an important reference of the infrastructure of idols inside the temples. The image of Gods inside the temples was majoritydesigned according to the book of Purana.[30] Therefore, the practice of Hinduism in this era are mostly influenced with the development of Puranic and Gupta empire.

Discussion about the Hinduism name.
The word Hindu or Hinduism was not found in any holy book of Hinduism even the word was been newly introduced.[31] Based on Pundit Jawahar LaI Nehru inside the book, Discovery of India, the word Hindu was firstly used by the Persian which refers to the Indus River. They called it as Hindus.[32]

After that, the word Hindu was used by an author from British in the year of 1830. It refers to the teachings and religion professed by the community overthere. Polemic occurred among the scholars in India towards the name of religion professed by the Hindu follower. They embraced the Veda scriptures. They enjoyed with the name Vedanta which means a person who followed the Veda scripture. There is also other name such as Sanatana Dharma which means the eternal truth (natural law). They are also synonym with Brahma religion while the word Hindu do not agree whole among their scholar. Moreover, the word was expand and become a specific name towards the religion embraced by a group of people who follow the Veda scriptures and culture of India.

Conclusion
The original teaching of Veda and Upanishads is emphasized on the concept of monotheism. The concept of God and Goddess was changed whilst entering the era when smriti is written. After that, it developed and expanded through the introduction of types of worshipping according to the classes of their Gods such as Siva, Vishnu and Dewi. It continued till the era which the Hinduism owns the history and faced the up and down phased in a long duration. It also includes the Modern era which consist of few figures such as Ram Mohan Roy, Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and many more that contribute the innovation of ideas towards this teaching.

Key Note:
__________________________________
[1] Before the existent of Dravidia group, theearliest group are as such Negrito and Ausroloid. Dravidia group is a group that developed the big civilization in India and they ruled the place before the coming of Arya group.
[2]Ibid,pg45
[3] Refer to Ernest Mackay, (1948). Early Indus Civilizations, Luzac & Company LTD, London,hlm52-76
[4] Refer to Esa Khalid & Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid, (2005). Beberapa Aspek Tamadun Melayu, India, China dan Jepun, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,pg 341/ Refer Professor Gavin Flood, (2009). History of Hindusim - www.bbc.co.uk-religions Hinduism- Discussion about the Gods of Hindu also got controversy which is discovering the Proto Siva idols which worshipped by the Dravidia people. The polemic still discussed among the teologent.
[5] That’s the reason why North of India and South of India have significant differences. They were known as Tamil community in South of India and were known as Hindustan community in North of India. The differences not only the face and genetics but the differences in terms of speech, thinking and beliefs.
[6] Refer to Rasamandala Das, (-). The Illustrated Encylopedia of Hinduism, Lorenz Books, Armadillo, page 20-21 / Refer Sihombing,(1962). India: Sejarah dan kebudayaan, Bandung: SumurBandung,no.12.
[7] Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, pg 3
[8] Refer to Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007). artikel Hinduism. Edited by Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, RoutledgeCurzon Tylor & Francis Group,London, pg3-6
[9] Mohd Rosmizi Abd Rahman dan rakan-rakan, (2012). Agama-Agama Di Dunia, USIM,NegeriSembilan, pg 37
[10] Refer to Drs. I Ketut Wiana, M. Ag, (2013). Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Hindu, PT Paramita Surabaya, pg 6
[11] Refer to Muhammad Alexander, (2011). Yakjuj & Makjuj 5 Gelombang Pembawa Bencana, PTS, Selangor, pg 311
[12] Interesting discussion by Prof. Uthaya Naidu have a view which the Gods inside Veda was the name of the leaders of Arya Nation when they entered India. One of it is Indra which was known as Lord of Wind. Refer to text Veda which are Rig Veda VIII, 87: 6, Rig Veda IX 73: 5, Rig Veda VI 130: 8, Rig Veda VII 12: 4, it is a text indicates the story of Indra fighting against the black community or known as Dravidia and Koloria during the conquer of India. [13] Refer to Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, pg 185/ Refer Drs. I Ketut Wiana, M. Ag, (2002). Pokok-Pokok Ajaran Hindu, Penerbitan Paramita Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia, pg 6-7/ Refer Abu Su’ud, (1988). Memahami Sejarah Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Selatan, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Derektorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, no 46
[14] Lihat Rasamandala Das, (-). The Illustrated Encylopedia of Hinduism, Lorenz Books, Armadillo, pg 23.
[15] It is a need to emphasis that Arya Nation did not embraced Hinduism but they brought a new teaching gained by Indo-Arya, according to Prof, Norman Brown inside the Book, Pakistan and Western Asia. The culture of Arya was closer to Zoroaster Avesta holy scriptures which teach oneness of God. Meanwhile Hinduism is a result of syncretism with the culture of others after long time they stayed till the existent of Hinduism today.
[16] Refer to Soegiri DS, (2008). Arus Filsafat, PT Ultimus, Bandung, Indonesia, hlm 244, It is due to the group of Aryan that wants the community to use the Sanskrit language as their medium communication while in earliest phase they used Sanskrit language as a foreign language which do not used by the Dravidia tribes.
[17] Refer to Arnold Toynbee (2004). Sejarah Umat Manusia, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, pg 189-192.
[18] Eventhough the arguments that Kasta or Varna was introduced in Rig Veda books: 90: 11-12 but the meaning does not refer to some part of the community which built one body. The complicated Kast system was covered with religion which started to develop in the era of 8 SM.
[19] Refer Wendy Doniger, (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History, Penguin Books, USA, pg 214-230. There are few opinions was written in the year 400 SM such as Molloy, Michael (2008). Experiencing the World's Religions. pg 87 dan Brockington, J. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics, Leiden pg 26 and Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata, Jilid. 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction.
[20] Refer Ananda K. Coomarasmawy & Sister Nivedita, (2016). Myths Of The Hindus And Buddhists, Dover Publications, New York, pg 4-10.
[21] Furthermore, they faced downturn era in between the duration of Puranic.
[22] Max Muller translated: “In the beginning,’my dear,’ my dear,’there was that only which is (τὸ ὄν), one only, without a second. Others say, in the beginning there was that only which is not (τὸ μὴ ὄν), one only, without a second; and from that which is not, that which is was born.”
[23] Differences occurred among the Indologist regards to the date of Purana firstly written. Based on Wendy Doniger also did research about the age of the Purana scriptures written and they identified it was around 250 M-1000 M. It started with Matsya Purana and Markandey Purana around 250 M and end with Linga Purana around 1000 M.
[24] Avatar was an incarnation or the birth of God in a form of human such as Lord Visnu. Lord Visnu came down to the earth through incarnation and become Sri Rama, Krishna and Buddha.
[25] Refer to I Wayan Maswinara, (2002). Matsya Purana, PT Paramita, Surabaya, pg 88-89.
[26] Ibid pg 89
[27] Siva’s name was not found in the Veda and Upanishads scriptures. It was introduced in the era of Puranic. Their scholars have an opinion about the character of Siva inside the Veda which is Rudra. Refer to Stephen Knapp (2010). Avatars, Gods and Goddesses of Vedic Culture,hlm4.
[28] Refer to Azharudin Mohd Dali, (2004). Tamadun India, Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka, KualaLumpur,hlm93-94
[29] Refer to Professor Gavin Flood, (2009). History of Hindusim - www.bbc.co.uk-religions Hinduism: Safe to say that there wasn’t a Brahma Temple
[30] Refer to Wendy Doniger, (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History, Penguin Books, USA, pg 370-405
[31] Refer to James Hansting and others (-) Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Jilid 6 pg 699
[32] Inside Zend Avesta scriptures, the usage word of Hapta-Hendu refers to India. Refer to Zend Avesta, Vendidad: Fargard 1. 8

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《Z世代達人》
麥卓華

Soft and delicious bread with squash kneaded.
It has squash paste filling inside.
It's shaped into a cute pumpkin with cooking kite string.
南瓜を練り込んだふわふわでとっても美味しいパンを焼きました。
ﾊﾟﾝの中にも南瓜あんを入れました^^
料理用のたこ糸を使って可愛い南瓜の形にしています。

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【Ingredients】6 pieces
200g Bread flour
20g sugar
3g salt
3g Dry yeast
10g　starch syrup
70g milk
30g water
*combine milk and water
(Use cold water (milk ) in summer time,35℃ water( milk )in winter time)
20g　Unsalted butter
230g squash (seeds removed)
*10g sugar for squash paste
*cooking kite string
(powder the string with strong flour)

【Directions】
●preparation for squash
Cut the squash into bite-size, then heat and soften it in the microwave.
Remove the rind, and mash the squash, then divide it into 80g and 120g.
Cut the rind into 2cm pieces (6 pieces) for decoration.
Add sugar to the squash for the paste, heat it in the microwave to dry and harden.
(when the paste is cool, divide it into 6 and make them round.)
①Put strong flour, sugar, and salt in a bowl, and blend with fingers.
②Add yeast, starch syrup, milk and water.
③Mix it with a hand, then add the squash (for dough) and mix.
④Put the dough on a table and knead. (within 10 mins)
⑤Add butter and knead more until the dough is smooth.
⑥Round the dough, and leave it at a warm place until it becomes twice as large. (primary fermentation)
⑦After the primary fermentation, degass the dough and divide it into 6, then round each.
⑧Cover the dough with a wet cloth and leave it for 15 mins. (bench time)
⑨Degass the dough, put the squash paste in, and round each beautifully.
⑩Put the kite string loosely around each of ⑨.
Bring the end to the bottom of the bread dough.
⑪Leave the dough at a warm place until each one becomes twice as large. (secondary fermentation)
⑫After the secondary fermentation, sprinkle strong flour (not on the ingredients) on.
⑬Stick the squash rind in the center.
⑭Preheat the oven at 180°C, and turn down to 160°C, then bake the dough for 12~13 mins.
⑮Cool the bread on a cake cooler. When it's cool, remove the string and serve!

Refers to a commonly available variety of Asian squash which is known as ‘kabocha squash’ or ‘Japanese pumpkin.’
Squat and round, and characterized by its sweet, dense and starchier taste than butternut squash.
The most common variety used in home cooking contains vibrant orange flesh within a hard green skin.
Kuri kabocha squash, which is particularly sweet, is one of the most popular varieties.
The word is occasionally used to refer to Western pumpkins.
In Japan, kabocha squash are harvested during summer to fall and available in the winter. Often used in side-dishes, soups, stews, and desserts.

【材料】6個
強力粉　200g
砂糖　20g
塩　3g salt
ドライイースト　3g
水飴　10g
牛乳　70g
水　30g
*牛乳と水は合わせておく。
（夏は冷水：冬は３５度位に）
無塩バター　20g　
南瓜は種を除いて約230g
*南瓜餡用に砂糖10g
*料理用たこ糸
(たこ糸には強力粉をまぶしておく)

【作り方】
●南瓜の下ごしらえ
南瓜は一口大に切って、電子レンジで柔らかくする。
皮を取り除いて潰したら、80gと120gに分ける。
生地用に加えるのは80gです、申し訳ありません。
また、南瓜の水分によりかなり違ってきますので調整してください。
皮は飾り用に2cm長さに小さくカットして6個用意しておく。
餡用の南瓜は砂糖を加えて電子レンジで加熱して水分を飛ばして、丸めやすい固さにする。
(餡が冷めたら、6個に分けて丸めておく)

①ボウルに強力粉、砂糖、塩を入れて、指でなじませるように混ぜる。
②ここに、イースト、水飴を入れて、牛乳と水も加える。
③手で混ぜたら、生地用の南瓜を加えて混ぜる。
④台の上に生地を移して、捏ねる。(10分以内にすること)
⑤バターを加えて、更によくこねる。生地がなめらかになればok
⑥丸めて、暖かい所に置いて２倍の大きさになるまで、一次発酵
⑦一時発酵終了後、生地のガス抜きをして、6個に分割して、丸める
⑧濡れ布巾を被せて15分ベンチタイム
⑨生地のガスを抜き、南瓜餡を包んで綺麗に丸める
⑩⑨にタコ糸を緩めに巻く。
巻き終わりは、パン生地の下になるようにする。
⑪暖かい所に置いて２倍の大きさになるまで、二次発酵
⑫二次発酵が終わったら、分量外の強力粉を上から振る。
⑬南瓜の皮を中心に刺す。
⑭180℃に温めたオーブンを160℃に下げて12～13分焼く。
⑮ケーキクーラーの上で冷まし、冷めたら、タコ糸を外して出来上がり。